kaluhut

Plastic and enamel-based paint used widely in metallic shades.

An otherwise conventional manual gearbox in which clutch operation and gear selection are performed by actuators under electronic control. Gear changing can be fully automatic or controlled by the driver via either a stick mechanism or up /down paddles behind the steering wheel. In addition to offering faster gear changes an AMT has the advantage that it retains a manual gearbox's inherent high efficiency.

An ampere is the unit used to measure electrical current. The number of amperes is equal to the voltage in the electrical circuit divided by its resistance.

Any automotive fuel other than petroleum-derived diesel or petrol (gasoline). Examples include alcohol fuels [methanol and ethanol}, compressed natural gas [CNG]. liquefied natural gas (LNG) and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

Any automotive fuel other than petroleum-derived diesel or petrol (gasoline) Examples include alcohol fuels (methanol and ethanol), compressed natural gas (CNG). liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

An electronic device that is used in controlling fuel- injected engines. Also called an air mass sensor. it measures the amount of air flowing into the engine at any given point in lime. it then relays the data to the ECU (Electronic Control Unit} so that the right amount of fuel can be injected. it uses either a flap placed in the airflow or an electrically heated wire to acquire the data.

Alcohol fuels are made from renewable sources like crops or other sources of grain alcohol. An example of an alcohol fuel is methanol, which is commonly derived from the methane found In natural gas.

A safety system that involves inflatable bags mounted usually in front of and sometimes also beside the occupants of a car. In the event of a collision, the bags innate to cushion the impact of the driver and/or passengers hitting the interior of the oar, Airbags protect the occupants during a head-on collision, but much less in a roll- over. Airbags were once erroneously considered major safety measures on their own. but their real strength is that they offer protection in ways that a seatbelt cannot. That is why airbags are often described as supplementary restraint systems.

Engines need in exchange heal sc that they do not overheat. while most popular cars use a water- based cooling agent in a layer around the engine. most two-wheelers in our country are cooled just by air rushing past the engine. Cooling fins are used to Increase the surface area so that the hem dissipates mere easily. The Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 911. pre-1998. are famous examples of air cooled car engines.

mA petrol engine needs 14 parts of air to bum one part of fuel {by weight) l0 form a rich mixture for maximum power. compared to the chemically correct or stoichiometric ratio Of 14 .7:1 maintained in three way catalyst engines. During DBFI-throttle running. ordinary engines will run on weak mixtures with air/fuel ratio In the 15-15:1 region. but lean-burn engines will run on still weaker mixtures with air/fuel ratios in the 18-20:1 range.

Enhanced Term of petrol engine fuel injection in which pressurized air is blown across the injector outlet in such a way as to shear the fuel spray into smaller droplets. thereby enhancing the mixture's combustion performance.

Form of vehicle suspension in which the springing is provided not by metal springs (coil spring or torsion bar} but by a cy1inder of pressurized air. Air suspension has a number of potential advantages. not least that it provides for simple ride height control.

Drag is lhe force exerted by air on any body moving through it. When a car is mobile, it displaces air and leaves a wake behind it. just like a boar cutting through water. Air, after all. is a fluid. Drag has a negative effect on performance as well as efficiency; therefore oar designers try to keep drag 10 a minimum. While a raindrop has the least amount of drag. the upright design of some of Lhe BEST commuter buses in India gives a drag coefficient of 1.30. Must modem cars have a coefficients of drag ranging between 0.4 and a low of 0.26. The power consumed in pushing a body through the air goes up with the cube of the speed · se above 60kph, the majority of the power needed to push a car along is absorted by aerodynamic drag

A spoiler fitted across the bottom of a cars nose to direct the air flow around the car rather than under it. Air flow beneath the car. or underflow. is highly turbulent and energy-consuming as well as causing lift.

An emission control system in which an air pump supplies fresh air to the exhaust to facilitate the conversion el carbon monoxide to less harmful carbon dioxide. Air injection also greatly helps in the combustion of partly burnt fuel often found in the exhaust.

An advanced forward lighting system in which additional elements and swiveling headlight assemblies are used to enhance and adjust the beam pattern during night driving. When the car is cornering, for example, the headlights are turned in the direction of the corner to illuminate the road better.

When servo-driven hydraulic struts actively stabilize a cars attitude, guided by data inputs from sensors. the oar is said to have an active suspension system. The struts reduce to a minimum the roll, bump and pitch that destabilize a vehicles altitude. In a fully active suspension. the servo struts are connected directly to the hubs and therefore replace or supplement the suspension springs. Active suspension was pioneered by Formula l racing team Lotus more than two decades ago. but problems of power consumption. NVH (noise. vibrations. harshness} and cost have so tar prevented its widespread introduction into passenger cars

Automatic cruise control which uses a sensor lo measure the distance to the vehicle ahead and can. if necessary. reduce speed (by closing 1he throttle and applying check braking) lo maintain a preset minimum separation.

An axle is the shaft that carries the wheels of the car. An axle can either be 'Live', which means that it carries the wheels and transmits power to them. or it can be 'dead', which means it moves as the wheels move.

ASR Anil-Slip Regulation limits dangerous wheel spin by calculating the difference between the road speed of me car and the speed at which e powered wheel is spinning. It often uses data from the same sensors that feed the AEIS system. and is an invaluable safety aid when driving on snow and lee.

The process whereby liquid fuel is broken up into tiny droplets prior to combustion in an engine. Reduced droplet size makes the air: fuel mixture behave more as if it were a homogenous mixture. which is why extreme injection pressures (in excess of 1500 bar} are used in modem common rail diesel engines. Evaporation of the atomized fuel also cools the inlet charge and is an important part of the thermal management of petrol engines operating at high load.

Metal guardrails that line roads or racing circuits. designed to stop cars leaving the mad in an accident and encountering trees or other hazards.

The ratio of the height of a tyre to the width of its contact surface. Far older tyres this is around 80 per cent. but fur the latest high- performance. low-profile tyres it can be less than 35 per cent. The term aspect ratio is also used in relation to aerodynamic features such as wings or spoilers.

Antifreeze is a chemical mixture added to the cooling system of the car that amps the water from freezing when the car is exposed to below its freezing point.

Tyres at high speed Lend to skip or float over water rather than penetrating the water and staying in contact with the road surface. As a result. all traction is lost and the car will continue in the direction it has been traveling prior to the loss of grip, Tyres are grooved to provide a channel for the water to escape through · which is why e bald tyre is so treacherous in wet conditions. Also. wider tyres are more likely to aquaplane.

Suspension geometry that resists nose up pitching of the cars body during acceleration.

Suspension geometry That resists nose-down pitching of the car’s body during braking.

A bar that is used to reduce body roll. It consists of a torsion bar spring that runs transversely across the oar, linking both sides 01 a suspension system. When one wheel rises and the other falls · effectively what happens during roll - the bar gets fully wound, thus limiting roll. However, there is little or no effect on the suspension if both wheels take a bump equally. 'when one wheel moves independently of the other, the bar is forced to twist. adding to the Tension of the springs.

A system of steering geometry that lets the outside wheel turn through fewer degrees than the inside wheel to reduce side slap and Tyre scrub. This Is achieved by setting the steering arms so that lines passing through them would intersect on the centre of the rear axle. The system becomes less effective as the cars speed increases.

A car that has been designed to reduce the chances of an accident happening in the First place · through superior road holding. handling. visibility, ergonomics and comfort - is a vehicle with a high level of active safety. So ABS brakes are an active safely feature, while seat-belts. airbags and crumple zones are all passive safety features that came Into play the instant an accident occurs.

Sometimes when you brake very hard in relation to the slipperiness of the road surface. the wheels stop rotating but the vehicle keeps moving forward. This state, where ll1e vehicle can no longer be steered. is referred to as wheel lock-up. The ABS system uses wheel speed sensors and a brake pressure regulator to prevent wheel lockup during sudden slope. The in-built computer senses look-up when one wheel is slowing faster than the actual deceleration of the car. it reduces brake pressure l0 the wheel by first releasing pressure and then re-applying pressure in rapid sequence. This allows the wheel to regain traction, preventing the vehicle from skidding.

a unit of length equal to one hundred-millionth of a centimetre.it has now been replaced by nanometer.

A car's pillars support its roof and are best identified when seen side·0n. The A-pillar is the beam in front of the front door. on either side of the windshield. The front door latches onto the B-pillar. and the rear door is hinged on it. The C-pillar is behind the rear door. Station wagons and MPVS often have a D-pillar too.

nobel lureate C.V.Raman was struck by the deep blue color of the mediteranean sea during his trip back from oxford in 1921.using the nicol prism ,raman examined the color of the osean after eliminating the reflection of the sky's light.he wrote the colour of the sea was " a much richer blue than that of the sky " .his subsequent experiments cumilated in raman announsing his discovery of the effects as the raman effect on february 28,1928.

ronald ross,the british bacteriologist who discovered the plasmodium parasite,the cause of malaria inthe gastro intestinal tract of the anopheles mosquito in 1897,was in the indian medical service.he was given the nobel prize in 1902.

more than 400,000 domestic tourist and nearly 50,000 foreign tourists visit sikkim every year.flanked by 22 snow-capped peaks of the himalayan range,the state has a clean environment and magnificant buddist monasteries.

the honeyguid,a small bird which feeds upon the honey from bees and wasps nests,is unable to break these nests.the clever bird,on seeing a nest ,makes an alarm call,and a honey badger,an animal feeding on honey,comes and breaks open the nest,the honeyguide then has a meal.

living stone or lihops,found in hot dry deserts of southern africa,have thick cuticle which prevent them from dying in the heat .they look like a pebble or a stone ,and are therefore hard to see.

whales are intelligent,many kinds such as dolphins and killer whales can be taught to perform complicated tricks

gorillas eat mainly twigs and leaves.their canine teeth ,which look fearsome are used for threat displays.believe it,gorillas are shy,retiring creatures.

the sea anemone is an animal ,not a plant.it belongs to a group of animals called cridarians,which include jellyfishes and corals.

indian researchers contributed a mere 2.16 per cent of the worlds science and technology publications between 1993 and 2004,according to the ministers of HRD.

the glow worm is a type of beetle.only the femail produces the greenish-yellow glow.she produces this to attract a mate ,the substance luciferin in its body causes the glow.

joseph black(1729-99) was the first to distinguish between heat and temperature.the scottish physician who was professor at edinburgh discovered carbon dioxide and introduced the concepts caloric ,heat of fusion,latent heat,specific heat and thermal capacity.

1.Parambikkulam 2.thenmala 3.periyar 4.neyyar ans:- 4.neyyar

1.Poppo and cuccu 2.chai-yo 3.appu 4.duria ans:-1.Poppo and cuccu

1.jomon period 2.dark age 3.reig of terror 4.victorian era ans:- 1.jomon period

1.egypt 2.argentina 3.israel 4.pakistan ans:-3.israel

1.isabel peron 2.margaret thatcher 3.benazir bhuto 4.sheikh hasina ans:-2.margaret thatcher

1.King cobra 2.anaconda 3.python 4.viper ans:-2.anaconda

1.Thailand 2.malasya 3.japan 4.brazil ans:-4.brazil

1.oxygen 2.haemoglobin 3.chlorophyl 4.nitrogen ans:- 3.chlorophyl

1.Isaac newton 2.heinrich hertz 3.albert einstein 4.max planck ans:-2.heinrich hertz

1.Alappuzha 2.kottayam 3.idukki 4.palakkad ans:-3.idukki

1.The red fort 2.boston 3.bastille 4.cape town ans:-3.bastille

1.Copper 2.tungsten 3.iron 4.silver ans:-2.tungsten

1.M.F.hussain 2.amrita sher -gil 3.raja ravi varma 4.jamini roy ans:-3.raja ravi varma

1.Equator 2.longitude 3.greenwich line 4.100 latitude ans:-1.Equator

1.shankaranarayanan thampi 2.E.M.S.Namboodiripad 3.joseph mundassery 4.T.N.Seshan ans:-1.shankaranarayanan thampi