kaluhut

A man who sings with a high voice that is similar to a low female singing voice.

A continuously moving strip of rubber or metal which is used in factories for moving objects along.

The blockade designed by Napoleon to weaken Britain through destruction of British commerce.

This is said to exist when resources are allocated in line with consumers’ preference as opposed to say, state direction.

Short-term loans to the public for the purchase of specific goods

An art movement developed in Russia around 1920, in which industrial materials are used to create objects.

A transmission system in which the TV signals are encrypted in order to prevent interception or defaulting by the users. A set top box is used to decrypt the signals. .

A place where ’political enemies' are imprisoned usually without trial. The term was first used by Britain for the prison camps set during the Boer war around 1900. Those setup by Nazi Germany in which an estimated 7 to 8 million prisoners were kept, were notorious.

A situation in the process of communication when no meaningful exchange of ideas or information takes place. This may be due to the physical or mental differences between the parties involved in the communication.

A sudden violent rain- storm falling for a short period of time limited to a small area. It is usually associated with thunderstorms.

A group of persons with access to communication and information facilities that are not avail- able to non members of the group. E.g. Free CUG calls provided by some mobile phone companies.

An economy assumed not to take part in international trade so that it has no exports or imports.

In a competition, a situation in which the outcome is uncertain until the very end.

Series of statements in rising order of intensity. E.g. I came, l saw, I conquered (Julius Caesar).

A country that is economically or politically dependent on a more powerful state.

Either of two ancient Egyptian obelisks in London and in New York. These were gifts from the ruler of Egypt (1878) to England the USA.

Any institution that settles mutual indebtedness between a number of organizations.

A movement in art and life characterized by reason, order, balance and simplicity.

The hierarchical classification of species based on evolutionary ancestry.

The practice of removing the foreskin of male genital organ. In some societies it is done in females also, in which all or part of the external sex organ is cut off. Circumcision is advocated on the ground of reasons like sacrifice, admission to one’s social group, preparation for marriage, symbolic recognition of the dangers of intercourse or simply as a hygienic measure.

In common cigar parlance, Cuban Havana cigar measuring 1 78 mm. by 18.65 mm. Named after iconic British -wartime leader Churchill.

A game in which you have to solve the problem of fitting many different pieces together, especially boxes inside other boxes.

The study of duration of life.

DBC Pierre, 2003 This novel (Booker Prize, 2003) by the Australian born writer Peter Warren Finlay who took on the pen name DBC (standing for Dirty But Clean) Pierre is a black comedy featuring Vernon Gregory Little, a troubled teenager. Little is fifteen and lives in a small town in Texas in the US- Wrongly accused of being a conspirator in a horrific . incident involving the killing of 16 bullying schoolmates by his friend Jesus Navarro who then commits suicide, he goes on the run when things get completely out of hand; Written in contemporary vernacular, the book succeeds in presenting the ambiguities present in contemporary US. it won the 2003 Booker Prize.

A popular environment movement in India started by Sunderlal Bahuguna in 1972. Chipco is a Hindi-Garhwali word meaning embrace. The first direct action of this movement took place in 1973 at the Mandal forest in the Chamoli district in Uttar Pradesh when the villagers marched in procession and put their arms around 50 ash trees marked by the forest department for felling. Initially it aimed at protection of trees but later the campaign turned to be a wide movement for alternative development.

Peter Carey, 2000 The New York based Australian writer Peter Carey's historical novel that got him the 2001 Booker is the story of the legendary Ned Kelly, Australia's most famous outlaw who was executed as a murderer and a horse thief in 1880. The story is revealed in the form of letters written in a distinctive vernacular to his baby daughter that he never sees. Born to very poor Irish immigrants, a conspiracy of circumstances makes him an outlaw who is a murderer in the eyes of the British police and an endearing national hero to most Australians. This exhilarating and panoramic work has the force of a classic 1 Western and keeps alive the aura surrounding the legend of Ned Kelly.

Kingston Technology is shipping its 32GB Elite Pro SDHC Flash memory card; the largest capacity in Kingston's Elite Pro line of SDHC cards currently includes 4, 8 and 16GB. According to Kingston, this card can "capture more than 6,000 still images with a l0MP camera and over eight hours of video.

College Name: College Of Engg.,Cherthala Address: College Of Engg.,Cherthala, Pallipuram Alappuzha Dist-688 541 Kerala City: Alapuzzha State: Kerala Telephone Number: 0478-2553416 / 2552714 0478-2553416 Email: cecherthala@yahoo.com Website: www.cer.ihrd.ac.in

College Name: College Of Engg. Karungapally, Address: College Of Engg. Karungapally, Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala City: Thiruvananthapuram State: Kerala Telephone Number: 0476-2627242/2665000 / 262965/0476-2665000 Email: ceknpy@sancharnet.in , Website: www.ihrdkerala.org Cochin University

College Name: College Of Engg,Cheruvikkal, Address: College Of Engg,Cheruvikkal, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 016 kerala Dr. R. Ibrahim Kutty City: Thiruvananthapuram State: kerala Telephone Number: 0481-2598370 / 2515555 0471-2598370 Email: cetvm@cet.ac.in Website: www.cet.ac.in this college offers courses in Applied Electronics & Instrumentation Civil Engineering Computer Science & Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engg Electronics & Communication Engg. Industrial Engineering Mechanical Engineering M.E(Electrical Machines) M.E(Geo-Tech.Engg.) M.E(Guidance & Navigation Control) M.E(Hydraulic & Water Resources) M.E.(Machine Design) M.E.(Thermal Engg.) M.Tech(Applied Electronics) M.Tech(Environmental Engg.) M.Tech(Industrial Engg.) M.Tech(Microwave & Tv) M.Tech(Power System) M.Tech(Propulsion Engg.) M.Tech(Structural Engg.) M.Tech(Traffic & Transportation Engg.) M.Tech.(Control System) M.Tech.(Signal Processing)

College Name: Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering and Technology Address: Pallikkunnu P.O. Kuttikkanam, Peermade Idukki District, Kerala Pin - 685 531 Phone : 04869 - 233572 (Principal) Fax : 04869 -233571, 233572 City: Peermade State: Kerala Telephone Number: 04869 - 233571(Office), 04869 - 233574 Email: mbc@mbcpeermade.com Website: www.mbcpeermade.com University: Mahatma Gandhi University Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering & Technology, Peermade, Kerala, is a private sector institution for professional education. Affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, and accredited by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), the institution focuses on offering baccalaureate degree programs in various Engineering streams. The College is owned and managed by the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. Since its inception in the year 2001, the College has been on a steady path of growth and up-gradation. Our aim is to provide ...

College Name: Government Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram Address: Government Engineering College Sreekrishnapuram Mannampatta PO Palakkad Kerala India 679517 City: Sreekrishnapuram State: kerala Telephone Number: +91 466 2260350 Website: www.gecskp.ac.in University: Calicut University Government Enginering College Sreekrishnapuram (gecpkd), established in 1999, is situated in Palakkad district of Kerala.The college is fully owned by Govt. of Kerala and is governed by Directorate of Technical Education, Kerala.Sreekrishnapuram is at a distance of about 35km from Palakkad town. Courses Computer Science and Engineering Electronics and Communication Engineering Information Technology

College Name: The College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram Address: College of Engineering Trivandrum Thiruvananthapuram - 695 016 City: Thiruvananthapuram State: kerala Telephone Number: 0471-2515502 Website: www.cet.ac.in University: Kerala University Specialisation 1. Civil Engineering 2. Electrical & Electronics Engg. 3. Mechanical Engineering 4. Electronics & Communication Engg. 5. Computer Science & Engg.

College Name: The Govt.Engineering College, Wayanad Address: MANANTHAVADY, WAYANAD, KERALA, INDIA - 670644 City: wayanad State: kerala Telephone Number: 91-4935-271261 Email: principal@gecwyd.ac.in Website: www.gecwyd.ac.in University: Kannur University The Govt.Engineering College, Wayanad is located in the hilly district,Wayanad. Wayanad was formerly called the `Wayalnadu` of Kerala, which is the elevated picturesque plataue on the crest of Western ghats. This college is one among the four new Engineering Colleges in the state established in 1999. It was inaugurated by the Hon. Education Minister, Mr. P.J.Josep h on 17th Jan 2000

College Name: Government Engineering College, Kozhikode Address: Government Engineering College, West Hill P.O., Kozhikode, Kerala - 673005 City: Kozhikode State: kerala Telephone Number: +91-495-2383220 Email: college@geckkd.ac.in Website: www.geckkd.ac.in University: Calicut University The college is situated in West Hill just 5 km from the heart of the Kozhikode city and has full access by roads and rails. The nearest airport is Kozhikode Airport, about 30 kms from the college campus, the nearest Railway Station is Kozhikode, 5km from the college campus.

College Name: Mar Baselios College Of Engineering & Technology Address: Bethany Hills, Nalanchira P.O Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India 695015 FAX : +91 471 2545869 Email: mbcet@sancharnet.in , mbcet@asianetindia.com City: Thiruvananthapuram State: Kerala Telephone Number: 04712 545868, 04712 545869 Email: mbttvm@gmail.com Website: http://mbcet.org University: Kerala University Located on a hillock in the serenic Bethany Hills, a dream cherished for long, MBCET will inspire generations. Dedicated to produce upright, socially committed and intellectually trained engineers from it's inception, it is on the verge of realizing it's dreams - Leading to the Heights of Excellence. "The landmark achievement of this Institution is the creation of the infrastructure both in terms of space and equipment well ahead of its scheduled requirements"

College Name: ADI SHANKARA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Address: Shankar nagar, Mattoor, Kalady Ernakulam District, Kerala State Pin: 683574 Tel: 0484-2463825 Fax: 0484-2463828 City: Ernakulam State: Kerala Telephone Number: 0484 2463062, 0484 2460487 Email: info@adishankara.net Website: http://www.adishankara.ne University: Mahatma Gandhi University Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering & Technology was established at Kalady in the year 2001 with the aim of providing value added technical education with a flair of professional excellence and ethical values.The college is run by ADI SANKARA TRUST, a registered trust which has carved a niche in educational arena by running Sree Sankara College and Sree Sarada Vidyalaya,both at Kalady. The College is affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam and offers under-graduate courses approved by AICTE. Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kalady has been accredited with ...

College of Engineering Thiruvananthapuram - 695 016 Kerala Telephone Number: 0471-2515502 Fax: 0471-2598370 Website: http://www.cet.ac.in University: Kerala University The College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram was established in 1939 as the first Engineering College in the then Travancore State. The institution owes its foundation to the bold and inspired vision of Sree Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the then Maharaja of Travancore. Initially the College was housed in the former office and bungalow of the Chief Engineer (i.e. the present PMG Office). Maj. T.H.Mathewman, a Britisher was the first Principal. Started as a constituent College of the Travancore University, the College had an initial intake of 21 students each for the Degree and Diploma courses in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical branches. With the establishment of the Directorate of Technical Education in the late 50’s, the College administration came under the direct control of the Government. The...

SRI VELLAPALLY NATESAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Pallickal P.O., mavelikkara, Alappuzha, Kerala - 690503 ph:-04793205686 mail@:-vlc2008@dataone.in University: Kerala University

Sree Narayana Institute of Technology, Vadakkevila, Kollam , Kerala, Telephone Number: 0474-2723154(Office) , 0474-2723156(Principal) Email: snitech@gmail.com Website: http://www.snit.ac.in/ University: Kerala University

B.E./8.Tech.DEGREEEXAMINATION.APRIL/IVIAY2008. Sixth Semester (Regulation 2004) Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering 811352 - ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS (Commonto Instrumentation and Control Engineering) Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PART A - (10 x2 = 20 marks) 1. What is rneant by transmittance? 2. What is absorption spectrum? 3. Define Column Chromatography. 4. Name any four detectorsused in Liquid Chromatography. 5. Define Thermal conductivity. 6. Name any two methods to estimate Nitrogen-oxidespresent in air. 7. What is meant by bio-sensor? 8. Define pH value of solution. 9. List any two applicationsof X-ray spectroscopy. 10. Name any four solid state detectorsused in spectroscopy. PARTB-(5x16=80marks) 11. (a) (b) 12. (a) (b) 13. (a) With neat sketch, explain the principle, construction and working of FTIR spectrophotometer. Or With necessarydiagram, describethe principle construction and working of U-V spectrophotometer. ...

B.E./B.Tech.DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2007. Third Semester Instrumentation and Control Engineering CS 252 _ ALGORITHMS AND DATA STRUCTURES Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks Answer ALL questions. PARTA-(10 x2=2Dmarks) 1. State any two properties of a goodalgorithm. 2. Write down the asymptotic notations used for best case, average case and worst caseanalysis of algorithms. 3. Give an example for NP problem. 4. Differentiate between data and control structures of a program. 5. Why linear data structures are named so? 6. DefrneADT. 7. Give the post order traversal for the following tree. ' melon /\ /\ grape pear /\\ /\\ apple lemon Langerine 8. What is a heap? Give an example tree. 9. Distinguish between internal and external sorting techniques. 10. State why graph is termed as nonlinear data structure. 11. (a) (i) PARTB-(Sx16=80marks) Differentiate between deterministic and algorithms. non deterministi...

When a suspension system reaches the limit of its travel (in compression}, the vehicle is Said to have bottomed. When this occurs. the suspension usually hits the bump stopper and the load from the suspension is transferred to the chassis of the car with a bone-jarring crash. A common occurrence In rallies and. unfortunately. on our roads too

Wholly vertical motion of car on its springs as it passes over bumps in the road. as distinct from pitch and roll

The increase in a tyre’s lead capacity That becomes available as a result of running it at a maximum speed below that specified by its speed rating. Bonus load is sometimes exploited with caravan or trailer tyres in which case It is not safe to exploit the tyres full speed rating.

The pressure built up by the spinning turbine in a supercharger or turbocharger that helps push more air Into the engine. it. is calculated over and above atmospheric: pressure and measured in pounds per square inch (psi ) or bar and sometimes indicated on a boost pressure gauge.

The inside diameter of a cylinder is its hare and is usually measured in millimeters. sometimes in inches.

When a piston is at its lowest point of travel in the cylinder bore it is said to be at bottom dead centre. This position is used to describe some valve opening and closing events, which are specified as occurring so many crankshaft degrees before or after bottom dead centre {SBDC and ABDG respectively}.

Another name for a supercharger, an engine driven method of forced induction. Also used to describe the blower or fan unit of an air-conditioning unit.

Brake Mean Elective Pressure is the mean pressure available in a cylinder throughout the firing stroke at a piston {from Tap Dead Centre to bottom Dead Centre}. it ranges from 125psi for an inefficient rotary engine to 250psi for a racing engine. By contrast. the peak combustion pressure Is more to the tune 0f 1600psi.

Motor industry term for the structural core of a car body. Shorn of non• load• bearing parts such as exterior panels. boot lid. bonnet and doors.

The connecting rod links the piston to the crankshaft and transmits the Power derived from the combustion process in the cylinder. The big end is the large circular link at the bottom of the con rod that is attached to the crankshaft. The opposite end. attached to the piston pin. is the little or small end.

Alternative fuel in which diesel is partly replaced by processed vegetable oils. The bio-diesel fuels available in Europe generally contain only 5 per cent FAME [fatty acid methyl ester) derived from crops but many modem diesel engines are compatible with blends of up lo 30 per cent

An abbreviation for cylinder block, it is the strong metal casing inside which lhs individual cylinders are placed.

Air-fuel mixture or the burned gases from the combustion chamber can leak past the piston rings due to wear. faulty fitting or excessive piston ring gaps. This blow- by often shows up as oil contamination or dilution of engine oil.

A bevel gear is used to transfer motion between two or more shafts that are at an angle to on e another. Bevel gears are usually found in differentials, where the shafts are perpendicular to each other.

Actual horsepower, measured on a dynamometer which acts as a brake. as opposed to horsepower calculated from some arbitrary formula for taxation purposes. It is a unit of measurement devised in steam-engine days and based on the work capacity of a large dray horse - hence the abbreviations PS [Pferde-Starke or horse strength} in German and CV in French and Italian (Cheval-Vapeur. Cauallce Vapote). Always look for net or DIN figures as these give the output of the engine as installed in the car, rather than with items such as the cooling fan and alternator removed. The British {bhp} and metric (PS or CV} measures are similar but not identical, the latter being nearly 1.5 per cent smaller. but are often wrongly treated as interchangeable.

Obsolete form of lyre that combines the angled casing plies of 21 cross ply tyre with lhe circumferential tread ply car plies of a radial tyre.

The line running around 21 cars body that is formed by the bottom edges of its glass panels and the bur-mat and trunk.

Unlike conventional washers that are completely flat, Belleville washer has a slightly conical shape that gives It e sprung like characteristic when it is compressed. Belleville washers are commonly used as springs or in bolted joints that need to be given a flexible quality.

The line running around at cans body that is tanned by the bottom edges of its glass panels and the bonnet and trunk.

Invented and patented by Vincent Bendix in 1910. a bendix drive Is a gear that is connected to the starter motor and engages the engines flywheel at low revs and disengages. it when the revs increase.

The mechanical component of a synchromesh gearbox that prevents gears from Shifting prematurely thus giving the driver time t0 Select the desired gear.

Every tyre's sidewall ends in a thick cable called a bead. Along with the pressure of the air, this helps the tyre stay fast with lhe edge of the steel wheel or the rim. Because the bead does not stretch, the wheel rim has a cavity into which it can be worked. BELL HOUSING The bell-shaped cover between the engine proper and the transmission case. It covers the flywheel and clutch or. in the case of an automatic. the torque converter.

One bar is roughly the pressure experienced at see level. lt's the same as 14.5 pounds per square inch (psi} or 0.99 atmospheres and is 1he metric unit used to measure pressure. it is used to describe turbo boost or the pressure generated in a fuel injection system.

Also known as a hemispherical or 'hemi' combustion chamber. it has a dome shaped top or 'head' that made it more efficient than the preceding ‘flathead' design when Chrysler started producing it In 1951. Because of its dome shape. the hemi chambers valves were installed further apart than In a flathead chamber, which gave engineers more room to make them bigger. With the exception of some models from Chrysler. the hemi design Is not used except In drag and stuck ear racing.

A flexible ball-and-socket joint used primarily in front suspension units because it can accommodate a wide range of angular motion. The ball joint offers relatively free movement between components while holding them together.

Generally employed in pairs. these are contra- rotating shafts, geared together and carrying opposed balance weights. They can be driven at engine speed to cancel out primary reciprocating imbalance, as in old Ford W engines and some three-cylinder units. More usually driven at twice engine speed to smooth out vibrations caused by secondary imbalance. as found in four-cylinder Mitsubishi engines.

The process of canceling out the forces created by imbalance in rotating components and by the reciprocation of pistons and conrods. imbalance creates internal stresses In engine structure and causes unwanted external vibrations that are fed into the body shell — bad for reliability as well as comfort. Rotational imbalances are easily corrected: but balances of reciprocating masses are much more difficult. Reciprocating imbalance can be categorized mainly as primary [oscillating at engine speed} and secondary (oscillating at twice engine speed}. The best approach is to balance the motion of one piston against that of another - thus straight-six, VS and V12 engines can have perfect primary and secondary balance. An ordinary In-line four is in primary balance only - hence the use of balancer shafts.

The oil pans or sumps of same competition engines have thin metal plates or baffles that reduce the amount the oil as sloshed around under hard comering and other heavy gravitational forces. This stops the engine being starved of oil when running at high rpm.

When a fresh unburned charge of fuel combusts in the exhaust system due to leakage from an open exhaust valve. It is known as backfire. It is sometimes heard on trailing throttle as a car slows down.

A Structure. often in the form of a large-diameter tube, running down the centre of a car, with seats and suspension on each side. which takes all the major chassis leads of a car. Used for the Volkswagen Beetle and extensively by Lotus. it is a sensible arrangement fur an open spans car but It Is not the most effective route to maximum torsional stiffness. monocoque chassis are more widespread.

When there is some form of resistance to the free flow at the exhaust from the cylinder head, the resultant condition is known as back pressure. This can be a result of a badly made exhaust system or due to lhe pour condition of either the catalytic converter or the mufflers.

#include #include class node { public: int queue[50]; int a[50][51]; void enqueue(int); int dequeue(); void bfs(int); } node1; int n,e,front=0; int rear=-1; void node::enqueue(int x) { queue[(++rear)%50]=x; } int node::dequeue() { int x=queue[front]; front=(front+1)%50; return(x); } void node::bfs(int x) { int b; a[x][50]=1; enqueue(x); while(((rear+1)%50)!=front) { b=dequeue(); cout for(int i=0;i { if(a[b][i]==1) if(a[i][50]==0) { a[i][50]=1; enqueue(i); } } } } void main() { int i,x,y; clrscr(); for(i=0;i { node1.a[i][50]=0; for(int j=0;j node1.a[i][j]=0; } cout cin>>n; cout cin>>e; cout for(i=0;i { cout cin>>x; cout cin>>y; x--; y--; node1.a[x][y]=1; node1.a[y][x]=1; } cout if(n>0) for(i=0;i { if(node1.a[i][50]==0) { node1.bfs(i); cout } } else cout getch(); }

// BINARY SEARCH TREE #include #include class btree { private: struct btreenode { btreenode *leftchild; int data; btreenode *rightchild; }*root; public: btree(); void buildtree(int num); static void insert(btreenode **sr,int num); void traverse(); static void inorder(btreenode *sr); static void preorder(btreenode *sr); static void postorder(btreenode *sr); static void del(btreenode *sr); ~btree(); }; btree::btree() { root=NULL; } void btree::buildtree(int num) { insert(&root,num); } void btree::insert(btreenode **sr,int num) { if(*sr==NULL) { *sr=new btreenode; (*sr)->leftchild=NULL; (*sr)->data=num; (*sr)->rightchild=NULL; return; } else { if(num data)insert(&((*sr)->leftchild),num); else insert(&((*sr)->rightchild),num); } return; } void btree::traverse() { cout inorder(root); cout preorder(root); cout postorder(root); } void btree::inorder(btreenode *sr) { if(sr!=NULL) { inorder(sr->leftchild); cout data; inorder(sr->rightchil...

#include #include #include # define NULL 0 struct linked_list { int number; linked_list*next; }; typedef linked_list node; node*head; node*tail; node*p; int s=0; class linkedlist { public: void creat(); void print(); void insert(); void del(); }; void main() { clrscr(); int ch; linkedlist llist; char choice='y'; while(choice=='y') { cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1: llist.creat(); break; case 2: llist.insert(); break; case 3: llist.del(); break; case 4: llist.print(); break; case 5: exit(0); } cout cin>>choice; } getch(); } void linkedlist::creat() { int f1=0,f2=0; node*list; list=new node; do { cout cin>>list->number; if(f1==0) { head=list; f1=1; } if(list->number==0) ...

// CLASS TEMPLATE #include #include template class pair { t v1,v2; public: pair(t first,t second) { v1=first; v2=second; } t getmax() { return(v1>v2?v1:v2); } }; void main() { int a,b; float c,d; clrscr(); cout cin>>a>>b; cout cin>>c>>d; pair intobj(a,b); pair flobj(c,d); cout cout getch(); }

#include #include class node { public: int a[50][51]; void dfs(int); } node1; int n,e; void node::dfs(int x) { cout a[x][50]=1; for(int i=0;i { if(a[x][i]==1) if(a[i][50]==0) dfs(i); } } void main() { int i,x,y; clrscr(); for(i=0;i { node1.a[i][50]=0; for(int j=0;j node1.a[i][j]=0; } cout cin>>n; cout cin>>e; for(i=0;i { cout cin>>x; cout cin>>y; x--; y--; node1.a[x][y]=1; node1.a[y][x]=1; } cout if(n>0) for(i=0;i { if(node1.a[i][50]==0) { node1.dfs(i); cout } } else cout getch(); }

#include #include #include #define NULL 0 struct linked_list { int number; linked_list *next; linked_list *previous; }; typedef linked_list node; class linkedlist { public: void create(node *head); void print(node *head); node *insert(node *head); node *del(node *head); }; void main() { clrscr(); int ch; linkedlist llist; node *head; head=new node; char choice='y'; while(choice=='y') { cout cout cout cout cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1:llist.create(head); break; case 2:head=llist.insert(head); break; case 3:head=llist.del(head); break; case 4:llist.print(head); break; case 5:exit(0); } cout cin>>choice; } getch(); } void linkedlist::create(node *list) { node*cur; cur=new node; cur->previous=NULL; int f=0; do { cout cin>>list->number; if(list->number==0) { list->previous=cur; list->next=NULL; f=1; } else { ...

// FRIEND FUNCTION #include #include class matrix { private: int a[5][5],c[5][5]; public: int m,n; void input(); friend matrix operator*(matrix m1,matrix m2); void display(); }; void matrix::input() { cout cin>>m; cout cin>>n; cout for(int i=0;i { for(int j=0;j { cin>>a[i][j]; } } } matrix operator*(matrix m1,matrix m2) { matrix m3; int i,j; for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j { m3.c[i][j]=0; for(int k=0;k { m3.c[i][j]=m3.c[i][j]+m1.a[i][k]*m2.a[k][j]; } } } return(m3); } void matrix::display() { cout cout for(int i=0;i { for(int j=0;j { cout } cout } } void main() { matrix m1,m2,m3; clrscr(); m1.input(); m2.input(); m3=m1*m2; m3.display(); getch(); }

#include #include #include char inf[240],post[40]; int top=0, st[20]; void postfix(); void infix(); char pop(); main() { clrscr(); cout cout cin>>inf; getch(); } void postfix() { int i,j=0; for(i=0,inf[i]!=0;i++) { switch(inf[i]) { case'+'; while(st[top]>=1) post[j++]pop(); push(1); break; case'-'; while(st[top]>=2) post[j++]pop(); push(2); break; case'*'; while(st[top]>=3) post[j++]pop(); push(3); break; case'/'; while(st[top]>=4) post[j++]pop(); push(4); break; case'('; push(0); break;

// MULTI-LEVEL INHERITANCE #include #include class student { protected: int rollno; char name[30]; public: void getdata() { cout cin>>name; cout cin>>rollno; } void putdata() { cout cout } }; class test:public student { protected: int m1,m2,m3; public: void getmarks() { cout cin>>m1>>m2>>m3; } void putmarks() { cout cout cout } }; class result:public test { protected: int total; float avg; public: void display() { total=m1+m2+m3; avg=total/3; cout putdata(); putmarks(); cout cout } }; void main() { clrscr(); result x; x.getdata(); x.getmarks(); x.display(); getch(); }

// MULTIPLE INHERITANCE #include #include class m { protected: int a; public: void get_m(int); }; class n { protected: int b; public: void get_n(int); }; class p:public m,public n { public: void display(); }; void m::get_m(int x) { a=x; } void n::get_n(int y) { b=y; } void p::display() { cout cout cout cout } void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); p obj; cout cin>>a>>b; obj.get_m(a); obj.get_n(b); obj.display(); getch(); }

// OPERATOR OVER-LOADING #include #include class unary { public: int x; int y; public: void get_x() { cout >x; } int dis_y() { cout return 0; } unary operator++(); unary operator++(int a); unary operator--(); unary operator--(int a); }; unary unary::operator++() { unary temp; temp.y=++x; return(temp); } unary unary::operator++(int) { unary temp; temp.y=x++; return(temp); } unary unary::operator--() { unary temp; temp.y=--x; return(temp); } unary unary::operator--(int) { unary temp; temp.y=x--; return(temp); } int main() { clrscr(); cout unary c1,c2; c1.get_x(); cout cout c2=++c1; c2.dis_y(); cout c1.get_x(); cout c2=c1++; c2.dis_y(); cout c1.get_x(); cout c2=--c1; c2.dis_y(); cout c1.get_x(); cout c2=c1--; c2.dis_y(); cout getch(); return 0; }

# include # include class poly { private: struct polynode { float coeff; int exp; polynode *link; }*p; public: poly(); void poly_append(float c,int e); void display_poly(); void poly_add(poly &i1,poly &i2); ~poly(); }; poly::poly() { p=NULL; } void poly::poly_append(float c,int e) { polynode *temp=p; if(temp==NULL) { temp=new polynode; p=temp; } else { while(temp->link!=NULL) temp=temp->link; temp->link=new polynode; temp=temp->link; } temp->coeff=c; temp->exp=e; temp->link=NULL; } void poly::display_poly() { polynode *temp=p; int f=0; cout while(temp!=NULL) { if(f!=0) { if(temp->coeff>0) cout else cout } if(temp->exp!=0) cout coeff exp; else cout coeff; temp=temp->link; f=1; } } void poly::poly_add(poly &i1,poly &i2) { ...

#include #include #include const int MAX=50; class postfix { private: char stack[MAX][MAX],target[MAX]; char temp1[2],temp2[2]; char str1[MAX],str2[MAX],str3[MAX]; int i,top; public: postfix(); void setexpr(char *c); void push(char *str); void pop(char *a); void convert(); void show(); }; postfix::postfix() { i=0; top=-1; strcpy(target," "); } void postfix::setexpr(char *c) { strcpy(target,c); } void postfix::push(char *str) { if(top==MAX-1) cout else { top++; strcpy(stack[top],str); } } void postfix::pop(char *a) { if(top==-1) cout else { strcpy(a,stack[top]); top--; } } void postfix::convert() { while(target[i]) { if(target[i]==' ') i++; if(target[i]=='%'||target[i]=='*'||target[i]=='-'||target[i]=='+'||target[i]=='/'|target[i]=='$') { pop(str2); pop(str3); temp1[0]=target[i]; temp1[1]='\0'; strcpy(str1,str3); strcat(str1,temp1); strcat(str1,str2...

#include #include #include template class Queue{ struct node { object data; node *next; }*front,*rear; public: Queue() { front=rear=NULL; } void Enqueue (); void Dequeue (); int IsEmpty (); void display (); }; template void Queue ::Enqueue () { object item; node *newnode; char ch; newnode = new node; cout cin>>item; newnode->data = item; newnode->next = NULL; if(rear==NULL) { rear = newnode; if(front==NULL) front = newnode; } else { rear->next=newnode; rear=newnode; } } template void Queue ::Dequeue() { object item; node*nodeptr; if (front==NULL) cout else { nodeptr = front; front = front->next; if(front==NULL) rear=front; cout data; delete nodeptr; } } template void Queue ::display () { object item; node *nodeptr; if(front==NULL) cout else { cout nodeptr = front; while (nodeptr) { cout data; nodeptr = nodeptr->next; } } } void main() { Queue Q; int opt; clrscr(); do { cout cout...

#include #include int n; class quicksort { public: int a[10]; void input(); void qsort(int,int); void output(); void swap(int &,int &); int median(int,int); }; void quicksort::input() { int i; cout cout cout cin>>n; cout for(i=0;i cin>>a[i]; } int quicksort::median(int left,int right) { int center=(left+right)/2; if(a[center] swap(a[left ],a[center]); if(a[right] swap(a[left],a[right]); if(a[right] swap(a[center],a[right]); swap(a[center],a[right-1]); return(a[right-1]); } void quicksort::output() { cout for(int i=0;i cout } void quicksort::swap(int &a,int &b) { int t; t=a; a=b; b=t; } void quicksort::qsort(int left,int right) { if(left { int pivot=median(left,right); int i=left,j=right-1; for(;;) { while(a[++i] while(pivot if(i swap(a[i],a[j]); else break; } if(i swap(a[i],a[right-1]); ...

#include #include #include #define NULL 0 struct linked_list { int number; linked_list *next; }; typedef linked_list node; class linkedlist { public: void create(node *head); void print(node *head); node *insert(node *head); node *del(node *head); }; void main() { clrscr(); int ch; linkedlist llist; node *head; head=new node; char choice='y'; while(choice=='y') { cout cout cout cout cin>>ch; switch(ch) { case 1:llist.create(head); break; case 2:head=llist.insert(head); break; case 3:head=llist.del(head); break; case 4:llist.print(head); break; case 5:exit(0); } cout cin>>choice; } getch(); } void linkedlist::create(node *list) { cout cin>>list->number; if(list->number==0) { list->next=NULL; } else { list->next=new node; create(list->next); } return; } void linkedlist :: print(node *list) { if(list->next!=NU...

#include #include #include //#include template class stack { struct node { object data; node *next; } *TOS; public: stack () { TOS=NULL; } void create (); void push (); void pop (); void display (); }; template void stack :: push () { object item; node *newnode; char ch; new node; cout >item; newnode = new node; newnode->data=item; newnode->next=NULL; if (TOS==NULL) TOS = newnode; else { new node->next=TOS; TOS=new node; } } template void stack ::pop() { object item; node*nodeptr; if(TOS==NULL) cout next; cout data; delete nodeptr; } } template void stack ::display() { object item; node*nodeptr; if(TOS==NULL) cout data; nodeptr=nodeptr->next; } } } void main() { stack stack; int opt; char ch; clrscr(); do { cout >opt; switch (opt) { case 1:stack.push(); break; case 2:stack.pop(); break; case 3:stack.display(); break; case 4: exit(0); default:cout } } while(opt!=4); }

#include #include #include void main() { char s1[10],s2[10],s3[10]; int opt; char choice='y'; clrscr(); while(choice=='y') { cout cout cin>>opt; switch(opt) { case 1: cout cin>>s3; cout break; case 2: cout cin>>s1; cout strcpy(s2,s1); cout break; case 3: cout cin>>s1>>s2; cout break; case 4: cout cin>>s1>>s2; if(strcmp(s2,s1)=='\0') { cout } else { cout } break; default: cout break; } cout cin>>choice; } getch(); }

#include #include class student { protected: int rollno; char name[30]; public: void getdata() { cout cin>>name; cout cin>>rollno; } void putdata() { cout cout } }; class test:public student { protected: int l,m1,m2,m3; public: void getmarks() { cout cin>>m1>>m2>>m3; } void putmarks() { cout cout cout } }; class result:public test { protected: int total; float avg; public: void display() { total=m1+m2+m3; avg=total/3; cout cout cout cout cout cout cout cout } }; void main() { clrscr(); result r; r.getdata(); r.getmarks(); r.display(); getch(); }

#include #include class swap { int a,b,t; public: void value(int,int); void ref(int&,int&); void addr(int*,int*); }; void swap::value(int a,int b) { cout cin>>a; cin>>b; int t; t=a; a=b; b=t; cout } void swap::ref(int &a,int &b) { cout cin>>a; cin>>b; int t; t=a; a=b; b=t; cout } void swap::addr(int *a,int *b) { cout cin>>*a; cin>>*b; int t; t=*a; *a=*b; *b=t; cout } void main() { int a,b,opt; swap sp; clrscr(); do { cout cout cout cout cin>>opt; switch(opt) { case 1:sp.value(a,b); break; case 2:sp.ref(a,b); break; case 3:sp.addr(&a,&b); break; case 4:break; } } while(opt!=4); getch(); }

VIRTUAL FUNCTION #include #include class shape { protected: double x,y,z; public: void get_area(double x1,double y1,double z1) { x=x1; y=y1; z=z1; } virtual void disp()=0; }; class rect:public shape { void disp() { cout cout } }; class tria:public shape { void disp() { cout cout } }; class cir:public shape { void disp() { cout cout } }; int main() { float x,y,z; clrscr(); cout cin>>x>>y>>z; shape *p; rect r; p=&r; p->get_area(x,y,z); p->disp(); tria t; p=&t; p->get_area(x,y,z); p->disp(); cir c; p=&c; p->get_area(x,y,z); p->disp(); getch(); return 0; }

Plastic and enamel-based paint used widely in metallic shades.

An otherwise conventional manual gearbox in which clutch operation and gear selection are performed by actuators under electronic control. Gear changing can be fully automatic or controlled by the driver via either a stick mechanism or up /down paddles behind the steering wheel. In addition to offering faster gear changes an AMT has the advantage that it retains a manual gearbox's inherent high efficiency.

An ampere is the unit used to measure electrical current. The number of amperes is equal to the voltage in the electrical circuit divided by its resistance.

Any automotive fuel other than petroleum-derived diesel or petrol (gasoline). Examples include alcohol fuels [methanol and ethanol}, compressed natural gas [CNG]. liquefied natural gas (LNG) and Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

Any automotive fuel other than petroleum-derived diesel or petrol (gasoline) Examples include alcohol fuels (methanol and ethanol), compressed natural gas (CNG). liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).

An electronic device that is used in controlling fuel- injected engines. Also called an air mass sensor. it measures the amount of air flowing into the engine at any given point in lime. it then relays the data to the ECU (Electronic Control Unit} so that the right amount of fuel can be injected. it uses either a flap placed in the airflow or an electrically heated wire to acquire the data.

Alcohol fuels are made from renewable sources like crops or other sources of grain alcohol. An example of an alcohol fuel is methanol, which is commonly derived from the methane found In natural gas.

A safety system that involves inflatable bags mounted usually in front of and sometimes also beside the occupants of a car. In the event of a collision, the bags innate to cushion the impact of the driver and/or passengers hitting the interior of the oar, Airbags protect the occupants during a head-on collision, but much less in a roll- over. Airbags were once erroneously considered major safety measures on their own. but their real strength is that they offer protection in ways that a seatbelt cannot. That is why airbags are often described as supplementary restraint systems.

Engines need in exchange heal sc that they do not overheat. while most popular cars use a water- based cooling agent in a layer around the engine. most two-wheelers in our country are cooled just by air rushing past the engine. Cooling fins are used to Increase the surface area so that the hem dissipates mere easily. The Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 911. pre-1998. are famous examples of air cooled car engines.

mA petrol engine needs 14 parts of air to bum one part of fuel {by weight) l0 form a rich mixture for maximum power. compared to the chemically correct or stoichiometric ratio Of 14 .7:1 maintained in three way catalyst engines. During DBFI-throttle running. ordinary engines will run on weak mixtures with air/fuel ratio In the 15-15:1 region. but lean-burn engines will run on still weaker mixtures with air/fuel ratios in the 18-20:1 range.

Enhanced Term of petrol engine fuel injection in which pressurized air is blown across the injector outlet in such a way as to shear the fuel spray into smaller droplets. thereby enhancing the mixture's combustion performance.

Form of vehicle suspension in which the springing is provided not by metal springs (coil spring or torsion bar} but by a cy1inder of pressurized air. Air suspension has a number of potential advantages. not least that it provides for simple ride height control.

Drag is lhe force exerted by air on any body moving through it. When a car is mobile, it displaces air and leaves a wake behind it. just like a boar cutting through water. Air, after all. is a fluid. Drag has a negative effect on performance as well as efficiency; therefore oar designers try to keep drag 10 a minimum. While a raindrop has the least amount of drag. the upright design of some of Lhe BEST commuter buses in India gives a drag coefficient of 1.30. Must modem cars have a coefficients of drag ranging between 0.4 and a low of 0.26. The power consumed in pushing a body through the air goes up with the cube of the speed · se above 60kph, the majority of the power needed to push a car along is absorted by aerodynamic drag

A spoiler fitted across the bottom of a cars nose to direct the air flow around the car rather than under it. Air flow beneath the car. or underflow. is highly turbulent and energy-consuming as well as causing lift.

An emission control system in which an air pump supplies fresh air to the exhaust to facilitate the conversion el carbon monoxide to less harmful carbon dioxide. Air injection also greatly helps in the combustion of partly burnt fuel often found in the exhaust.

An advanced forward lighting system in which additional elements and swiveling headlight assemblies are used to enhance and adjust the beam pattern during night driving. When the car is cornering, for example, the headlights are turned in the direction of the corner to illuminate the road better.

When servo-driven hydraulic struts actively stabilize a cars attitude, guided by data inputs from sensors. the oar is said to have an active suspension system. The struts reduce to a minimum the roll, bump and pitch that destabilize a vehicles altitude. In a fully active suspension. the servo struts are connected directly to the hubs and therefore replace or supplement the suspension springs. Active suspension was pioneered by Formula l racing team Lotus more than two decades ago. but problems of power consumption. NVH (noise. vibrations. harshness} and cost have so tar prevented its widespread introduction into passenger cars